Assessment of Physico-Chemical Water Quality Standard of Bayero University

Abstract

Safe drinking water is essential for public health, yet water quality deterioration remains a concern in many developing regions. This study assessed the physico-chemical and selected heavy metal quality of drinking water within Bayero University Kano (BUK), Nigeria, and compared it with the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Water samples were collected from boreholes, underground reservoirs, and overhead storage tanks across both the Old and New Campuses of the university. Standard analytical methods recommended by the American Public Health Association (APHA) were used to analyse the parameters. The results revealed variations in water quality along the distribution system. Most parameters, including turbidity, electrical conductivity, sulphate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and dissolved oxygen, were within the permissible limits of WHO and NSDWQ. However, all samples showed acidic pH values ranging between 5.32 – 5.38 which is below the recommended range. The concentrations of nitrate (ranging from 56.04 to 434.31 mg/L) and ammonia (ranging from 1.40 to 2.94 mg/L) in all samples surpass the recommended guideline limits, indicating potential contamination from agricultural practices and other human-related sources. High nitrate content in drinking water can cause methemoglobinemia in infants. Additionally, isolated instances of elevated iron and potassium levels were detected. The study underscores the need for continuous monitoring, improved water treatment, and effective management strategies to ensure safe and sustainable drinking water supply within the BUK community.