Evaluation of Marshall and Volumetric Properties of Hot-Mix Asphalt with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Content, Expanded Polystyrene-Modified Bitumen, And Waste Engine Oil
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Abstract
The increasing use of virgin materials in asphalt production contributes to resource depletion, while the accumulation of non-biodegradable polymer waste poses significant environmental challenges. This study investigated the volumetric and Marshall properties of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) containing high proportions of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), polystyrene-modified bitumen, and waste engine oil (WEO) as a rejuvenating agent. The constituent bitumen and mineral aggregates were initially characterized in accordance with relevant standards. A Marshall mix design was subsequently conducted to determine the optimum binder content (OBC) of a control mixture using virgin materials at bitumen contents ranging from 5.0 to 7.0% at 0.5% increments. RAP was then incorporated at replacement levels of 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the virgin coarse aggregate, while the bitumen was modified with 4, 6, and 8% polystyrene. WEO, corresponding to 15% of the OBC, was incorporated as a rejuvenating agent. The results showed that the constituent materials satisfied the relevant specification requirements, while an OBC of 7.0% was obtained for the control mixture. The Marshall stability values of the investigated mixtures exceeded the minimum specified value of 3.5 kN, and flow values generally remained within the specified range of 2–4 mm, although some mixtures containing 100% RAP exceeded the flow limits. However, most of the evaluated volumetric properties did not satisfy the specified requirements, despite VMA generally exceeding the minimum allowable value. These results indicate that the use of high RAP contents in combination with polystyrene-modified bitumen and WEO has potential for producing HMA with acceptable Marshall stability, but optimization of binder content, WEO dosage, polystyrene concentration, and compaction conditions is required to achieve satisfactory volumetric characteristics and full compliance with specifications. Further performance-based evaluation is recommended to establish the suitability of the modified mixtures for practical pavement applications.
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